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lig·no·sul·fonates

Lignosulfonates, or sulfonated lignin, are water-soluble anionic polyelectrolyte polymers: they are byproducts from the production of wood pulp using sulfite pulping. Most delignification in sulfite pulping involves acidic cleavage of ether bonds, which connect many of the constituents of lignin. The electrophilic carbocations produced during ether cleavage react with bisulfite ions to give sulfonates.+++- The primary site for ether cleavage is the α-carbon of the propyl side chain. The following structures do not specify the structure since lignin and its derivatives are complex mixtures: the purpose is to give a general idea of the structure of lignosulfonates. The groups labeled "Q" can be a wide variety of groups found in the structure of lignin. Sulfonation occurs on the side chains, not on the aromatic rings, like in p-toluenesulfonic acid. Lignosulfonate have very broad ranges of molecular mass. A range of from 1000–140,000 da has been reported for softwood lignosulfonates with lower values reported for hardwoods.

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